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Characteristics of Mongoloid and
Neighboring Populations
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Characteristics of Mongoloid and
Neighboring Populations
Hideo Matsumoto, Department of Legal
Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Japan.
Since the discovery in 1966 of the Gm ab3st gene, which characterizes Mongoloid populations, the distribution of allotypes of immunoglobulins (Gm) among Mongoloid populations scattered from Southeast Asia through East Asia to South America has been investigated, and the following conclusions can be drawn:
Since the discovery in 1966 of the Gm ab3st gene, which characterizes Mongoloid populations, the distribution of allotypes of immunoglobulins (Gm) among Mongoloid populations scattered from Southeast Asia through East Asia to South America has been investigated, and the following conclusions can be drawn:
- Mongoloid populations can be characterized by four Gm haplotypes, Gm ag, axg, ab3st, and afb1b3, and can be divided into two groups based on the analysis of genetic distances utilizing Gm haplotype frequency distributions: the first is a southern group characterized by a remarkably high frequency of Gm afb1b3 and a low frequency of Gm ag, and the second, a northern group characterized by a high frequency of both Gm ag and Gm ab3st but an extremely low frequency of Gm afb1b3.
- Populations in China, mainly Han but including minority
nationalities, show remarkable heterogeneity of Gm allotypes from north
to south and contrast sharply to Korean and Japanese populations, which
are considerably more homogenous with respect to these genetic markers.
The center of dispersion of the Gm afb1b3 gene characterizing southern
Mongoloids has been identified as the Guangxi and Yunnan area in the
southwest of China.
- The Gm ab3st gene, which is found with its the highest incidence among the northern Baikal Buriats, flows in all directions. However, this gene shows a precipitous drop from mainland China to Taiwan and Southeast Asia and from North to South America, although it is still found in high frequency among Eskimos, Koryaks, Yakuts, Tibetans, Olunchuns, Tungus, Koreans, Japanese, and Ainus. On the other hand, the gene was introduced into Huis, Uyghurs, Indians, Iranians, and spread as far as to include Hungarians. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that the Japanese race belongs to northern Mongoloids and that the origin of the Japanese race was in Siberia, and most likely in the Baikal area of the Soviet Union.
Gm and Km(Inv) Allotypic Markers in
Hungarians
by Schanfield MS, Gergely J, Fudenberg
HH.
| The distribution of G1m(f, z, a, and x), G3m(b0, b1, b3, c3, c5, g, s, and t) and Km(1) (formerly Inv[1]) allotypic markers have been examined in 184 Hungarians. The results indicate that the frequency of the immunoglobulin haplotypes Gmza;g, Gmzax;g, Gmf;b and Km1 is similar to the frequencies observed in surrounding populations. In addition, Hungarians were found to be polymorphic for the Oriental haplotype Gmza;bst, and had low frequencies of other uncommon haplotypes. Our data indicate that about 5% of the Hungarian genome is of Oriental origin. |  |
Gm and Km(Inv) Allotypes in Nine Population
Samples of Sicily
H. Walter (Department of Human
Biology/Physical Anthropology, University of Bremen, Germany)
H. Matsumoto (Department of Human Biology/Physical Anthropology, University of Bremen, Germany)
H. Danker-Hopfe(Department of Biology - University of Rome - Tor Vergata Italy)
O. Rickards (Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma - Tor Vergata - Rome, Italy)
Serum samples of 864 unrelated healthy male and female individuals belonging to nine provinces of Sicily were types for Gim (1,2,3,17), G3m ( 5, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21). and KM (1). With the exception of theTrapani sample these samples are characterized by the presence of five GM haplotypes: GM*1,17;21, 26; GM*1,2,17; 21,26: GM*1,3;5,10,11,13,14,26; GM*3;5,10,13,14,26, and GM*1,17; 10, 11,13,15,16. The interpopulation variability in the distribution of these haplotypes is considerate which is especially due to haplotypes GM*1,3;5,10,11,13,14,26, and GM*3;5,10,13,14,26. However, no clearcut clustering of the samples according to historical or geographical facts could be shown. Comparisons with other Italian populations reveal the considerable genetic difference of the Sicilians, which is in particular caused by the presence of the haplotypes GM*1.3;5,10, 11,13,14,26, and GM*1,17,10,11,13,15,16. These haplotypes are quite uncommon in Europeans and may reflect gene flow from the Middle East. The KM phenotype and allele frequencies also show a considerable interpopulation variability among the nine Sicilian samples, but as for GM no distinction between eastern and western provinces of Sicily is present.
H. Matsumoto (Department of Human Biology/Physical Anthropology, University of Bremen, Germany)
H. Danker-Hopfe(Department of Biology - University of Rome - Tor Vergata Italy)
O. Rickards (Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma - Tor Vergata - Rome, Italy)
Serum samples of 864 unrelated healthy male and female individuals belonging to nine provinces of Sicily were types for Gim (1,2,3,17), G3m ( 5, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21). and KM (1). With the exception of theTrapani sample these samples are characterized by the presence of five GM haplotypes: GM*1,17;21, 26; GM*1,2,17; 21,26: GM*1,3;5,10,11,13,14,26; GM*3;5,10,13,14,26, and GM*1,17; 10, 11,13,15,16. The interpopulation variability in the distribution of these haplotypes is considerate which is especially due to haplotypes GM*1,3;5,10,11,13,14,26, and GM*3;5,10,13,14,26. However, no clearcut clustering of the samples according to historical or geographical facts could be shown. Comparisons with other Italian populations reveal the considerable genetic difference of the Sicilians, which is in particular caused by the presence of the haplotypes GM*1.3;5,10, 11,13,14,26, and GM*1,17,10,11,13,15,16. These haplotypes are quite uncommon in Europeans and may reflect gene flow from the Middle East. The KM phenotype and allele frequencies also show a considerable interpopulation variability among the nine Sicilian samples, but as for GM no distinction between eastern and western provinces of Sicily is present.
Immunoglobulin Allotypes in Sardinia
by Piazza A., van Loghem E., de Lange
G., Curtoni E.S., Ulizzi L., Terrenato L.
1218 individuals from Sardinia island (Italy) were tested for Gm and Km markers; 10 were not tested for Gm and only 401 were typed for Am markers. The peculiar genetic makeup of the Sardinian population is confirmed by their Gm allotypes. Their differences from those found in a control population of continental Italy (Ferrara), suggest ancient contacts with the Middle East and Africa. An indication for such contacts may also be found in the striking presence of the haplotype Gm f;n;bsc5, a haplotype not previously found in a human population. A significant difference of G2m(n) allotype was observed between highland and lowland regions. If confirmed, it may suggest an adaptive pressure related to the CH2 region of the gamma2 chain, possibly due to endemic malaria in the past.
1218 individuals from Sardinia island (Italy) were tested for Gm and Km markers; 10 were not tested for Gm and only 401 were typed for Am markers. The peculiar genetic makeup of the Sardinian population is confirmed by their Gm allotypes. Their differences from those found in a control population of continental Italy (Ferrara), suggest ancient contacts with the Middle East and Africa. An indication for such contacts may also be found in the striking presence of the haplotype Gm f;n;bsc5, a haplotype not previously found in a human population. A significant difference of G2m(n) allotype was observed between highland and lowland regions. If confirmed, it may suggest an adaptive pressure related to the CH2 region of the gamma2 chain, possibly due to endemic malaria in the past.
Immunoglobulin (Gm and Km) Allotypes in Two
Populations of Catalonia (Spain)
Gm and Km Allotypes in Eight Tribal
Populations of Indiaby Moreno P. and Matsumoto Hideo,
Department of Animal Biology/Section of Anthropology, Faculty of
Biology, University of Barcelone, Spain.
Serum samples from two populations of Catalonia, Spain, 208 from Olot (Gerona) and 209 from Tortosa (Tarragona), were typed for G1m (1, 2, 3, 17), G3m (5, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 26), and Km (1). The Gm patterns of the Catalonian populations are characterized by the presence of four haplotypes, Gm 1,17;21,26 Gm 1,2,17;21,26 Gm 1,3;5,10,11,13,14,26 and Gm 3;5,10,11,13,14,26. The homogeneity for haplotype Gm 1,17;21,26 among our data and other European populations suggests the existence of an isofrequency line which starts from the Mediterranean zone of Iberian Peninsula and continues through the northwestern part of Europe. From this line a decreasing cline towards the south can be observed. For the haplotype Gm 1,2;17,21,26, affinities are observed between Catalonian populations and other populations from central Europe. This confirms the existence of a gradient towards low values from NW to SE. The presence of the typical Mongoloid haplotype Gm 1,3;5,10,11,13,14,26 is discussed in this paper. No significant differences in the frequencies of the Km1 allele were observed among the European populations.
Serum samples from two populations of Catalonia, Spain, 208 from Olot (Gerona) and 209 from Tortosa (Tarragona), were typed for G1m (1, 2, 3, 17), G3m (5, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 26), and Km (1). The Gm patterns of the Catalonian populations are characterized by the presence of four haplotypes, Gm 1,17;21,26 Gm 1,2,17;21,26 Gm 1,3;5,10,11,13,14,26 and Gm 3;5,10,11,13,14,26. The homogeneity for haplotype Gm 1,17;21,26 among our data and other European populations suggests the existence of an isofrequency line which starts from the Mediterranean zone of Iberian Peninsula and continues through the northwestern part of Europe. From this line a decreasing cline towards the south can be observed. For the haplotype Gm 1,2;17,21,26, affinities are observed between Catalonian populations and other populations from central Europe. This confirms the existence of a gradient towards low values from NW to SE. The presence of the typical Mongoloid haplotype Gm 1,3;5,10,11,13,14,26 is discussed in this paper. No significant differences in the frequencies of the Km1 allele were observed among the European populations.
by Walter H,
Matsumoto H, Danker-Hopfe H, Malhotra KC, Mukherjee BN., Department of
Human Biology, University of Bremen, Germany.
Serum samples from eight endogamous Indian tribal populations of Madhya Pradesh (Dhurwa, Halba, Bhatra, Muria, Maria) and Orissa (Deshia Khond, Binjhal, Kisan) with a total of n = 731 unrelated individuals were typed for G1M (1,2,3,17), G3M (5,10,11,13,14,15,16,21, 26), and KM (1). In seven of these populations five different GM haplotypes were found: GM* 1,17;21,26; GM* 1,17;10,11,13,15,16; GM* 1,2, 17;21,26; GM* 1,3;5,10,11,13,14,26; and GM* 3;5,10,11,13,14,26. In the Kisan sample the haplotype GM* 1,2,17;21,26 is absent. The intergroup variability in the distribution of these haplotypes is considerable and statistically highly significant. The reasons for that can be attributed to the ethnohistory and to the genetic isolation of these eight endogamous tribal populations. The GM haplotype distribution pattern of all these groups is quite different from that of the non-tribal populations of India, whereas it is in good agreement with that of the so far tested other tribal populations from India. This can be explained by different origin and history of the Indian tribal and non-tribal populations. In the KM system, too, remarkable variability is seen in the distribution of phenotype and allele frequencies among the eight tribal populations under study.
Serum samples from eight endogamous Indian tribal populations of Madhya Pradesh (Dhurwa, Halba, Bhatra, Muria, Maria) and Orissa (Deshia Khond, Binjhal, Kisan) with a total of n = 731 unrelated individuals were typed for G1M (1,2,3,17), G3M (5,10,11,13,14,15,16,21, 26), and KM (1). In seven of these populations five different GM haplotypes were found: GM* 1,17;21,26; GM* 1,17;10,11,13,15,16; GM* 1,2, 17;21,26; GM* 1,3;5,10,11,13,14,26; and GM* 3;5,10,11,13,14,26. In the Kisan sample the haplotype GM* 1,2,17;21,26 is absent. The intergroup variability in the distribution of these haplotypes is considerable and statistically highly significant. The reasons for that can be attributed to the ethnohistory and to the genetic isolation of these eight endogamous tribal populations. The GM haplotype distribution pattern of all these groups is quite different from that of the non-tribal populations of India, whereas it is in good agreement with that of the so far tested other tribal populations from India. This can be explained by different origin and history of the Indian tribal and non-tribal populations. In the KM system, too, remarkable variability is seen in the distribution of phenotype and allele frequencies among the eight tribal populations under study.
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